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Cinnamon Fern,
Osmundastrum cinnamomeum
Rachis smooth, green; semi-grooved in front, per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Appalachian Filmy-fern,
Vandenboschia boschiana
Rachis and stipe green and winged [here highlighted by a distinct shadow], per Field Guide to the Ferns and Other Pteridophytes of Georgia (Snyder & Bruce, 1986).
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Northern Maidenhair Fern,
Adiantum pedatum
Rachis divides into 2 branches to form a semicircular, fan-shaped blade, per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Southern Maidenhair Fern,
Adiantum capillus-veneris
Rachis dark brown, smooth, slender, and brittle, per Field Guide to the Ferns and Other Pteridophytes of Georgia (Snyder & Bruce, 1986).
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Hay-scented Fern,
Sitobolium punctilobulum
Rachis covered with fine, light-colored hairs, per Field Guide to the Ferns and Other Pteridophytes of Georgia (Snyder & Bruce, 1986).
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Hay-scented Fern,
Sitobolium punctilobulum
Blades tacky to the touch w glandular hairs covering pinnae, stipe & rachis, per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Alabama Lipfern,
Myriopteris alabamensis
Fronds are evergreen; stipe and rachis are shiny black, per Field Guide to the Ferns and Other Pteridophytes of Georgia (Snyder & Bruce, 1986).
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Hairy Lipfern,
Myriopteris lanosa
Petiole & rachis with hairs only (vs. M. tomentosa with a mixture of flattened scales and hairs), per Weakley's Flora (2022).
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Woolly Lipfern,
Myriopteris tomentosa
Rachis brown, densely hairy and scaly, per Field Guide to the Ferns and Other Pteridophytes of Georgia (Snyder & Bruce, 1986).
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Southern Lady Fern,
Athyrium asplenioides
Costal grooves continuous with the rachis groove, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Southern Lady Fern,
Athyrium asplenioides
Pinnules become shorter toward the rachis, per Ferns of the Smokies (Evans, 2005).
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Silvery Glade Fern,
Deparia acrostichoides
Grooves of costa not connected to groove of rachis [unlike Lady Fern], per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Silvery Glade Fern,
Deparia acrostichoides
Rachis pale green, slightly scaly, hairy, per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Japanese Painted Fern,
Anisocampium niponicum
Rachis & costae on abaxial surface pale purplish red, w sparse small scales, per Flora of China.
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Japanese Painted Fern,
Anisocampium niponicum
Stipe grooved adaxially, groove open to rachis groove, per Flora of China.
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Blunt-lobed Cliff Fern,
Woodsia obtusa ssp. obtusa
Stipe with conspicuous light brown scales. Rachis slightly scaly, per Field Guide to the Ferns and Other Pteridophytes of Georgia (Snyder & Bruce, 1986).
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Blunt-lobed Cliff Fern,
Woodsia obtusa ssp. obtusa
Blade lanceolate, cut into widely spaced pinnae at right angles to rachis, per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Lowland Bladder Fern,
Cystopteris protrusa
Lower pinnules (near rachis) on lower pinnae have small stalks, per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Marginal Woodfern,
Dryopteris marginalis
In Dryopteris the rachis groove is open to receive rachillae grooves, per Flora of Taiwan.
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Evergreen Woodfern,
Dryopteris intermedia
Rachis with glandular hairs, per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Evergreen Woodfern,
Dryopteris intermedia
Pinnae oblong, sides parallel > half the length, at right angles to rachis, per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Mountain Woodfern,
Dryopteris campyloptera
Blade widely ovate, about 2/3 as broad as rachis length, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Southern Woodfern,
Dryopteris ludoviciana
Rachis is grooved, per Field Guide to the Ferns and Other Pteridophytes of Georgia (Snyder & Bruce, 1986).
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Northern Beech Fern,
Phegopteris connectilis
Rachis wings absent between the two basal pinna pairs; frond blade longer than wide, per Weakley's Flora (2022).
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Broad Beech Fern,
Phegopteris hexagonoptera
Blade distinctly triangular. Pinnae connected along rachis by winged tissue, per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Sensitive Fern,
Onoclea sensibilis
The rachis is winged, joining the opposite pinnae to each other , per Ferns of the Smokies (Evans, 2005).
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Narrow Sword Fern,
Nephrolepis cordifolia var. cordifolia
Bicolored scales on rachis upper surface (pale but distinctly darker at base), per Weakley's Flora.
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Ebony Spleenwort,
Asplenium platyneuron
Pinnae alternate, with superior auricles; sessile, bases overlapping rachis, per Field Guide to the Ferns and Other Pteridophytes of Georgia (Snyder & Bruce, 1986).
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Maidenhair Spleenwort,
Asplenium trichomanes
Petiole and rachis reddish-brown or blackish-brown, shiny, per The Ferns and Lycophytes of Texas (Diggs & Lipscomb, 2014).
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Maidenhair Spleenwort,
Asplenium trichomanes
Old leaf rachises often with persistent projections left from the disarticulation of the pinnae, per Weakley's Flora (2022).
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Blackstem Spleenwort,
Asplenium resiliens
Pinnae mostly opposite. Stipe and rachis are dark brown, almost black, per Peterson Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America.
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Bread Wheat,
Triticum aestivum
Spike 5-15cm long. Spikelets alternate on opposite sides of rachis, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Cereal Rye,
Secale cereale
Spikelets alternate on opposite sides of rachis, mostly 2-flowered, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Little Barley,
Hordeum pusillum
Spikelet clusters alternate on opposite sides of the rachis, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Common Bottlebrush Grass,
Elymus hystrix var. hystrix
Awned spikelets spread at right angles to rachis; glumes absent or reduced, per How to Know the Grasses: Pictured Key Nature Series (Pohl, 1954).
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Common Bottlebrush Grass,
Elymus hystrix var. hystrix
Spikelets usually 2 per node of rachis, usually horizontally divergent, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Common Bottlebrush Grass,
Elymus hystrix var. hystrix
Rachis internodes 5-10mm, spikelets horizontally spreading toward maturity, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Florida Toothache Grass,
Ctenium floridanum
Spikelets pectinately arranged on one side of a continuous rachis, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Crowfoot Grass,
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Rachis end projects in a point beyond spikelets, which lie along one side, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Bermuda Grass,
Cynodon dactylon
Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, sessile in 2 rows along one side of rachis, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Slimbristle Sandspur,
Cenchrus brownii
Fascicles burlike; rachis internodes 0.8-1.7mm long, per Utah State University: Intermountain Herbarium.
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Pitchfork Paspalum,
Paspalum bifidum
Rachis slender, subflexuous [almost sinuous, somewhat zigzagged], per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Velvet Witchgrass,
Dichanthelium scoparium
Panicle's rachis villous, the branches spreading-ascending, villous, spotted, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Bosc's Witchgrass,
Dichanthelium boscii
Spikelets 3.7-4.2mm long; rachis and spreading-ascending branches villous, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Longleaf Cupgrass,
Eriochloa michauxii var. michauxii
Axis & raceme rachises densely velvety-pubescent; spikelets appressed-villous, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Itch-grass,
Rottboellia cochinchinensis
Spikelets awnless, in pairs at the nodes of a thickened articulate rachis, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Centipede Grass,
Eremochloa ophiuroides
Fertile spikelets embedded in a fleshy rachis (resembling a rattail) or a cob, per Weakley's Flora.
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Slender Sedge,
Carex tenera
Inflorescences often flexible and nodding, open, w elongate spikes; rachis usually thin and wiry, per Flora of North America.
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Fairywand,
Chamaelirium luteum
Staminate flowers usually in racemes, rachis usually white, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Creeping Lily-turf,
Liriope spicata
Flowers erect. Corollas mostly white. Inflorescence rachis 2-5(8)cm long, per Overview of Liriope and Ophiopogon (Ruscaceae) naturalized and commonly cultivated in the USA (Nesom, 2010).
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Cinnamon Vine,
Dioscorea polystachya
Rachis of male spikes obviously zigzagged; flowers sessile, per Flora of China.
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Snowy Orchid,
Platanthera nivea
Spur 10-18mm long, borne horizontally, and in side view of the inflorescence crossing the rachis, per Weakley's Flora (2022).
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Butternut,
Juglans cinerea
Leaflet lower surfaces pubescent; rachis sticky tomentose, per Native Trees of the Southeast, An Identification Guide (Kirkman, Brown, & Leopold, 2007).
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Common Shagbark Hickory,
Carya ovata
Opened bud scales can be reminiscent of flowers. Note last year's leaf rachises.
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Big Shellbark Hickory,
Carya laciniosa
Leaf rachises may persist on twig into winter, per Woody Plants of the Blue Ridge (Lance).
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Sand Hickory,
Carya pallida
Leaflets rather long-tipped, slightly aromatic; rachis usually hairy, per Woody Plants of the Blue Ridge (Lance).
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Mockernut Hickory,
Carya tomentosa
Leaves aromatic; rachis hairy, per Woody Plants of the Blue Ridge (Lance).
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Wireweed,
Polygonella gracilis
Ocreola encircling rachis. Pedicels spreading in anthesis. Anthers deep red, per Flora of North America.
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Leatherleaf Mahonia,
Mahonia bealei
Leaflets sessile on the rachis, which appears jointed, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Early Winter-cress,
Barbarea verna
Fruits erect to ascending, not appressed to rachis, per Flora of North America.